Apology versus Crito Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Apology versus Crito - Essay Example Apology versus Crito He questions politicians, poets and craftsmen and discovers that they in fact lacked proper knowledge. He challenges the people of Athens and proves that they are ignorant and foolish. He affirms that he is the wisest man because he knows that he knows nothing. His chief complainant is a man named â€Å"Meletus† (Apology) whom Socrates criticizes and questions him severely for calling him an atheist and blaming him for violating god made laws. Socrates claims strongly that he is not scared of the wrong accusations of the society and his life after death and because according to him it is unwise to fear death when you do not even knows what happens to the life after ones demise. Socrates calls Athens as â€Å"a lazy horse† (Apology) and compares himself to a gadfly who stings the people to provoke them. Socrates does not like politics as in his opinion his involvement in politics would have prevented him to serve for his people; lastly he defends himself and his sincere friends who stood by him through thick and thin, and praises his associates for loving him unconditionally. Moreover he favors death to imprisonment and exile, he thinks that â€Å"a life that is not examined is not worth living† so he would continue philosophizing even if his life is at stake. The â€Å"Apology† provides the most significant defenses of a truth-seeking life by Socrates. In his speech he contrasts himself with many well-known people and persuades that his philosophy and thinking is far better and different from others as he does not believe in just acquiring knowledge but rather clarifying ones judgment his philosophical views are entirely different from other philosophers, according to him, the

Social Questions and Answers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Social Questions and Answers - Essay Example From this paper it i clear that the U.S. society would collapse due to the different cultures mixed together. Marx felt the Capitalism would fall a long time ago. Weber would feel that because the United States has differing opinions that it would fall, as would Durkheim. What each individual did not take into account was the American system is not rigid. It is flexible to change, so if something does not work the citizens can change it. The American culture grows and reinvents itself everyday. That is why it has lasted so long.This study outlines that Marx had a Conflict Theory. He believed that the workers would turn on the richer class in the capitalist society. Marx thought the poor people would revolt against the rich people. What he did not take into account is everybody has a fair chance to become rich, so the poor does not focus on the rich, but how to get rich. Durkheim used Functionalism. He believed that a society was a single essence. The society was driven on differences and similarities. The society can be more than just a single part, but the single parts make up the whole. Once again Durkheim thought America would collapse upon itself because of too many different parts. That is what makes it work though. Max Weber had the Interpretive Theory. He believed societies worked through intentional and unintentional actions. Weber thought that the interaction in America had too much conflict.

Ibandronate vs. Alendronate for Osteoporosis

Ibandronate vs. Alendronate for Osteoporosis Cost-Effectiveness of Ibandronate vs. Alendronate used in treatment of osteoporosis, in a specialized clinic in Tirana. Dr. Mirela Miraà §i1; Msc.Arlinda Demeti2; Prof.as Zamira Ylli3; Prof.Mira Zià §ishti3; Prof.As Suela Kellià §i1 Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Tirana. Bioparafarmacia Franceze Neostyle Clinic Abstract: Osteoporosis is â€Å"a systemic skeletal disease with a high prevalence. Biphosphonates are medicaments which are chosen for their efficacy in reducing fracture incidence, increasing bone density and improving bone microarchitecture. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the drugs (ibandronate and alendronate) used in osteoporosis treatment, in post-menopausal women over the age of 50 years at a specialized clinic in Tirana; to calculate the annual cost of treatment of osteoporosis and to perform a cost effectiveness analyze. Methods: Retrospective. The patients were all female, in menopause or post menopause, with T-score -1 to -6, treated with alendronate or ibandronate. The effectiveness is calculated as the average percentage of change in bone mineral density (av. % of change in BMD) of year 2011 vs. 2010 baseline. The annual cost of the treatment of osteoporosis according to the protocols and the cost of the examination with DXA scan (dual x-ray absorptiometry) were calculated. Finally a comparison of the cost-effectiveness was performed. Conclusion:  Patients with osteoporosis treated with Ibandronate, at our clinic in Tirana, have an average change from baseline higher compared with patients treated with Alendronate, with statistically significant difference between them (Man Whitney U = 66.0, p The annual cost of the disease when treated with ibandronate is 1.3 times higher than the annual cost of treatment with alendronate. Ibandronate is more cost effective than all other alendronate . Introduction: Osteoporosis is â€Å"a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and micro architectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures† (1) The World Health Organization defines osteoporosis as â€Å"bone density 2.5 standard deviations (SDs) below the mean for young white adult women at lumbar spine, femoral neck or forearm†. (2) Osteoporosis leads to nearly 9million fractures each year worldwide and over 300,000patients with fragility fractures are registered in UK hospitals each year (British Orthopaedic Association, 2007).(3) Osteoporoza, à «shtà « njà « sà «mundje me njà « prevalencà « tà « lartà « edhe nà « Shqipà «ri (7.28% e popullatà «s dhe 9.6% tek femrat)4, e njà «jtà « me atà « tà « hasur pà «r astmà «n apo sà «mundjet e zemrà «s; †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Direct medical costs due to fragility fractures in UK healthcare economy were estimated at  £1.8billion in 2000, with the potential to increase to  £2.2billion by 2025 and the major part of these costs were related to hip fracture care. (5) The annual cost of osteoporosis and fractures in the US elderly was estimated at $16 billion(6) Osteoporosis is diagnosed by a T-score, which is the number of standard deviation (SD) that patient’s bone mineral density (BMD), measured using dualX-ray absorptiometry, differs from the mean BMD of 30-years old premenopausal women. Patients with T-score of between -1 and -2.5 SD are said to have osteoporosis.7,8 Biphosphonates are medicaments which are chosen for their efficacy in reducing fracture incidence, increasing bone density and improving bone microarchitecture.9-15 Top of Form Methods: Retrospective. The patients were all female, in menopause or post menopause, 50 years old or elder, with T-score -1 to -6, diagnosed for the 1rst time in 2010 (the 1rst BMD measurement), who have received treatment (alendronate or ibandronate) for 12 months and in 2011 have performed a 2nd BMD measurement. The effectiveness is calculated as the average percentage of change in bone mineral density (av.% of change in BMD) of year 2011 vs. 2010 baseline. It was calculated the annual cost of the treatment of osteoporosis according to the protocols: with once monthly 150 mg oral ibandronate plus supplements (calcium, vitamine D) and once weekly 70 mg alendronate (4 times per month) plus supplements (calcium, vitamine D). There are also included other direct costs such as the examination with DXA scan (dual x-ray absorptiometry) to determine the diagnosis and the medical visits. Finally a comparison of the cost-effectiveness will be performed. Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed with SPSS 20 statistical package. It is used the non-parametric Man Whitney U test to compare the continuous variables, Fisher Exact test was used to compare proportions between variables and the the Odds Ratio OR for assessing the association between variables. Point estimations are accompanied with interval estimation by 95 % CI. For continuous variables is presented the average, the standard deviation and the minimum and maximum values. The level of statistical significance is defined at ÃŽ ± ≠¤ 005. Statistical tests are two-sided.duhet te shihet gjuha e perdorur, a qendron ne anglisht? Results of the study In our study were included 70 patients who fulfill the inclusion criteria. 24 patients were treated with once monthly 150 mg oral ibandronate and 46 patients with once weekly 70 mg alendronate.There were not case of fracture among our patients. Table 1 compares the frequency of pathologies (osteopenia and osteoporosis) in two groups of patients treated with alendronat or ibandronat. Osteoporosis Osteopenia Ibandronate 14 10 Alendronate 18 28 OR= 1.3 95%CI 0.5 4.2 p=0.4 Your contribution will be used to improve translation quality and may be shown to users anonymously Contribute Close Thank you for your submission. Number of patients treated with alendronate is 1.3 times higher than the number of patients treated with ibandronate in the case of osteoporosis. (OR = 1.3, 95% CI 0.5-4.2, p = 0.4). Chart 1 Calculation of efficiency We have to calculate the average percentage of change of BMD (2011) to baseline (2010): Table2. In the group of Alandronate (N=46) we have found this data: Osteoporosis n=18 Osteopeni n= 28 M (SD) min max M (SD) min max Mann-Whitney U p T Score 2010 -3.2 (0.7) -4.6 -2.5 -1.9 (0.4) -2.4 -1.1 507.0 T Score 2011 -3.1 (0.8) -4.7 -2.2 -1.8 (0.6) -2.4 -1.1 515.5 Age, yrs 61.2 (8.0) 51.0 – 79.0 59.1 (7.8) 51.0 – 81.0 223.5 0.3 Height, m 1.5 (0.05) 1.4 – 1.6 1.5 (0.07) 1.4 – 1.7 304.5 0.3 Weight, kg 58.8 (8.3) 46.0 – 73.0 68.6 (11.1) 51.0 – 95.0 376.5 0.01 *Age-Group, yrs n (%) n (%) OR (95% CI) 50 -59 yrs 8 (17) 19 (41) 60 -69 yrs 7 (15.2) 6 (13.0) 1.6 0.4 – 6.7 0.4 >70 yrs 3 (7) 3 (7) 2.8 0.4 – 25.2 0.3 *Fisher exact test p=0.3 There are 46 patients treated with alendronate. 18 ( 39.1 %) (95% ; CI 29.7 52.1) of them suffer from osteoporosis and 28 ( 60.9 % ) (95 % CI 47.8 74.2) from osteopenia, with no statistically significant difference between them, p = 0.9 Grupmosha 60 – 69 vjeà § ka 1.6 herà « mà « tepà «r gjasa qà « tà « vuajnà « nga Osteoporoza sesa grupmosha 50-59 vjeà §, por pa ndryshim sinjifikant ndà «rmjet tyre (OR=1.6; 95%CI 0.4–6.7; p=0.4) Grupmosha >70 vjeà § ka 2.8 herà « mà « tepà «r gjasa qà « tà « vuajnà « nga osteoporoza sesa grupmosha 50-59 vjeà §, por pa ndryshim sinjifikant ndà «rmjet tyre (OR=2.8; 95%CI 0.4–25.2; p=0.3) Pacientet me Osteopeni kanà « peshà « mesatare mà « tà « lartà « krahasuar me pacientà «t me Osteoporozà «, me ndryshim statistikisht tà « rà «ndà «sishà «m ndà «rmjet tyre (Man Whitney U=376.5, p=0.01) Pacientà «t me Osteoporozà « kanà « tà « njà «jtà «n gjatà «si mesatare me pacientà «t me Osteopeni, pa ndryshim statistikisht tà « rà «ndesishà «m ndà «rmjet tyre (Man Whitney U=304.5, p=0.3). The change from baseline for Alendronate group The change from baseline is calculated: Table 3 Osteoporosis n=18 Osteopenia n= 28 M (SD) min max M (SD) min max Mann-Whitney U p The change from baseline 2.1 (4.5) -7.6 – 13.9 1.7 (6.2) -23 – 11.1 316.0 0.2 Patients with osteopenia have an average change from baseline higher compared with patients with osteoporosis, no statistically significant difference between them (Man Whitney U = 316.0, p = 0.2). Table 4. In the group of Ibandronate (N = 24) we have find this data: Osteoporosis n=14 Osteopeni n= 10 M (SD) min max M (SD) min max Mann-Whitney U p T Score 2010 -3.7 (0.7) -5.0 -2.7 -1.8 (0.3) -2.2 -1.4 140.0 T Score 2011 -3.2 (0.8) -4.4 -1.7 -1.5 (0.4) -2.1 -1.0 134.5 Age yrs 64.3 (7.3) 53.0 77.0 59.1 (5.0) 53.0 – 68.0 39.5 0.07 Height (m) 1.5 (0.05) 1.4 – 1.6 1.5 (0.06) 1.4 – 1.6 71.0 0.9 Weight 66.2 (10.9) 47.0 – 84.0 70.7 (7.1) 65.0 – 82.0 90.5 0.2 *Age-group, yrs n (%) n (%) OR (95% CI) 50 -59 yrs 3 (12.5) 6 (25.0) 60 -69 yrs 8 (33.3) 4 (16.7) 3.7 0.6 – 27.8 0.2 >70 yrs 3 (12.5) 0 13 0.5 – 33.0 0.03 *Fisher exact test p There are 24 patients treated with Ibandronate. 14 (58.3%), (95% CI 33.2-76.5) of them suffer from osteoporosis and 10 (43.7%), (95% CI 23.4-61.7) of osteopenia, no statistically significant difference between them, p = 0.9. Pacientà «t me Osteoporozà « kanà « njà « moshà « mesatare mà « tà « lartà « krahasuar me pacientà «t me Osteopeni, por pa ndryshim statistikisht tà « rà «ndà «sishà «m ndà «rmjet tyre (Man Whitney U=39.5, p=0.07). Pacientà «t me Osteoporozà « kanà « tà « njejtà «n gjatà «si mesatare me pacientet me Osteopeni, pa ndryshim statistikisht tà « rà «ndà «sishà «m ndermjet tyre (Man Whitney U=71.0, p=0.9) Grupmosha 60 – 69 vjeà § ka 3.7 herà « mà « tepà «r gjasa qà « tà « vuajà « nga Osteoporoza sesa grupmosha 50-59 vjeà §, por pa ndryshim sinjifikant ndà «rmjet tyre (OR=3.7; 95%CI 0.6–27.8; p=0.2). Grupmosha >70 vjeà § ka 13 herà « mà « tepà «r gjasa qà « tà « vuajà « nga osteoporoza sesa grupmosha 50-59 vjeà § me ndryshim sinjifikant ndà «rmjet tyre (OR=13; 95%CI 0.5–33.0; p=0.03). Pacientà «t me Osteopeni kanà « peshà « mesatare mà « tà « lartà « krahasuar me pacientà «t me Osteoporozà «, por pa ndryshim statistikisht tà « rà «ndà «sishà «m ndà «rmjet tyre (Man Whitney U=90.5, p=0.2) The change from baseline for Ibandronate group (N=24) The change from baseline is calculated: Table5 Osteoporosis n=14 Osteopenia n= 10 M (SD) min max M (SD) min max Mann-Whitney U p The change from baseline 7.3 (6.1) -0.5 – 17.3 3.3 (2.2) -1.3 – 6.3 43.0 0.1 Patients with osteoporosis have an average change from baseline higher compared with patients with osteopenia, no statistically significant difference between them (Man Whitney U = 43.0, p = 0.1) Comparison of change from baseline for patients with osteoporosis referring the two drugs. Table 6. Alendronate n=18 Ibandronate n= 14 M (SD) min max M (SD) min max Mann-Whitney U p The change from baseline 2.1 (4.5) -7.6 – 13.9 7.3 (6.1) -0.5 – 17.3 66.0 Chart 2. The change from baseline for patients with osteoporosis Pacientà «t me Osteoporozà « tà « mjekuar me medikamentin Ibandronat kanà « njà « ndryshim mesatar nga baseline mà « tà « lartà « krahasuar me pacientet e mjekuar me Alendronat, me ndryshim statistikisht tà « rà «ndesishà «m ndà «rmjet tyre (Man Whitney U=66.0, p Table 7. Percentages of the average change of BMD from baseline Total Osteoporosis Ostopenia Alendronate 1.83564848 2.081694 1.677476 Ibandronate 5.635355 7.27025 3.346503 Chart 3. Nga figura rezulton se efikasiteti i medikamentit ibandronat (5.6) à «shtà « dukshà «m mà « i lartà « se efikasiteti i medikamentit alendronat (1.8). Efikasiteti i medikamentit ibandronat tek pacientà «t me osteoporozà « (7.3) à «shtà « dukshà «m mà « i lartà « se efikasiteti i medikamentit alendronat (2.1). Efikasiteti i medikamentit ibandronat tek pacientà «t me osteoponi (3.3) à «shtà « mà « i lartà « se efikasiteti i medikamentit alendronat (1.7). Cost analysis We consider only direct costs such as: DXA scanner examinations, medical visits and medications costs (drugs and the supplements), according to a well-defined treatment protocol. In Albania, there is only one kind of ibandronate (only one brand) 150 mg / once a month, while there are lots of alendronate (different brands) 70 mg / 4 times per month, which we have called A1,A2,A3, A4,A5. We have calculated the costs of the only ibandronate and the costs of five types of alendronate, including the alendronate produced by a pharmaceuticals firm in the country, which has the lowest price in the market. In both cases the basic treatment is associated with calcium and vitamin D. Table 8 Annual Cost of treatment and cost of examination Nr Currency Quantity Cost Month Annual Costs 1 Diagnostics skaner DXA Lek1 1 4,000 4,000 Medical examination 1 1,000 1,000 2 Type of Alendronat 70mg A1 lek 4 3,410 12 40,920 A2 lek 4 2,093 12 25,116 A3 lek 4 3,301 12 39,612 A4 lek 4 4,102 12 49,224 A.5 (Albanian Product) lek 4 1,200 12 14,400 3 Ibandronat 150 mg lek 1 4,873 12 58,476 4 Calcium Carbonat 1000 mg + Colecalciferol 880 UI lek 30 1,019 12 12,228 Table 9 Cost of illness according the type of medications Type of Alendronat 1+2+4 Annual costs A1 lek 58,148 A2 lek 42,344 A3 lek 56,840 A4 lek 66,452 A5 lek 31,628 Type of Ibandronat 1+3+4 Annual costs I1 lek 75,704 The annual cost of the disease when treated with ibandronate is 2.4 times higher than the annual cost of treatment with alendronate the alendronate produced by a pharmaceuticals firm in the country, which has the lowest price in the market, respectivly 537[1] euro versus 226 euro per patient in alendronate group. Having all the annual costs and the efficiency for each drug, we can compare: Table 10 Name (Changes by baseline in %) Efficiency of alendronate 1.83565 Efficiency of ibandronate 5.63536 Table11 Type of treatment C/E Alendronate A1 31,677 A2 23,068 A3 30,965 A4 36,201 A5 17,230 Ibandronate 13,434 The analyse of cost per efficiency unit (Table 10) shows that in the case of ibandronate the value obtained is 13.434 units and in alendronate A1 case is 31.677 units. Discussion of results Patients with osteoporosis treated with Ibandronate, at our clinic in Tirana, have an average change from baseline higher compared with patients treated with Alendronate, with statistically significant difference between them (Man Whitney U = 66.0, p 16 The annual cost of the disease when treated with ibandronate is 1.3 times higher than the annual cost of treatment with alendronate A1 and 2.4 times higher than the annual cost of treatment with the alendronate produced by a pharmaceuticals firm in the country, which has the lowest price in the market. So as claimed, the cost for effectiveness unit is lower (about 2.3 times) in the case of ibandronate compared to alendronate A1. Well ibandronate results the most cost- effective. Ibandronate turns more cost effective than all other alendronate including the alendronate produced by a pharmaceuticals firm in the country, which has the lowest price in the market Literature Christiansen, C. (1993). Consensus development conference: diagnosis, prophylaxis,and treatment of osteoporosis. Am J Med 94:646–50. Kanis, J.A. (1994). Assessment of Fracture Risk and its Application to Screening forPostmenopausal Osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group. Geneva: World HealthOrganization. Johnell O, Kanis JA (2006) An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and disability associated with osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporosis International 17: 1726–33. Dorina Ruco,(Dhjetor 2011): Osteoporoza nà « qytetin e Tiranà «s British Orthopaedic Association (2007).The care of patients with fragility fracture. Burge RT, Worley D, Johansen A, et al. The cost of osteoporotic fractures in the UK: projections for 2000–2020. Journal of Medical Economics 4: 51–52. Blume SW,Curtis JR Osteoporos Int.2011 Jun;22(6):1835-44. doi: 10.1007/s00198-010-1419-7. Epub 2010 Dec 17. Medical costs of osteoporosis in the elderly Medicare population. BMJ Group. Annual zoledronic acid for osteoporosis. Drug Ther Bull. 2008 Dec;46(12):93-6. Cummings SR, Melton LJ. Epidemiology and outcomes of osteoporotic fractures. Lancet 2002;359:1761e7. Delmas PD. Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Lancet 2002;359:2018e26. Hochberg MC, Ross PD, Black D, et al. Larger increases in bone mineral density during alendronate therapy are associated with a lower risk of new vertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis.Fracture Intervention Trial Research Group. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:1246e54. Hochberg MC, Greenspan S, Wasnich RD, et al. Changes in bone density and turnover explain the reductions in incidence of nonvertebral fractures that occur during treatment with antiresorptive agents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:1586e92. Epstein S. The roles of bone mineral density, bone turnover, and other properties in reducing fracture risk during antiresorptive therapy. Mayo Clin Proc 2005;80:379e88. McClung MR, Wasnich RD, Recker R, et al. Oral daily ibandronateprevents bone loss in early postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.J Bone Miner Res 2004;19:11e8. Rosen CJ. Postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 2005;353: Miller PD,Epstein S,Sedarati F,Reginster JY Once-monthly oral ibandronate compared with weekly oral alendronate in postmenopausal osteoporosis: results from the head-to-head MOTION study. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18042311

Religion and State Sovereignty :: social issues

Religion and State Sovereignty The influence of religion on humankind can be traced back to the first records of history. Religion has served as a pillar of strength to some and binding chains to others. There are vast amounts of information and anthropological studies revealing the interaction of religion and humankind. However, for the purposes of this paper, the time periods of study will be broken up into three sections. Each section will give a general description of how religion affected the institution of the state and its Sovereignty in a Euro-centric perspective. The first period is the early period, which will encompass from Christianity and the Roman Empire to the Medieval times (approx. 311 to 1100 A.D.). The second period will include the Renaissance, the Reformation to the Treaty of Westphalia (1101 to 1648 A.D.). The third and increment of history will range from 1649 to 1945 A.D. The date 311 A.D. marks the issuing of the "Edict of Toleration" for Christians. This date is important because it symbolizes "national" acceptance of Christianity, and planted its roots as a political institution. Later the Roman Empire on the verge of internal collapse acknowledged the importance of Christianity and used it to hold together the remnants of it former self. This adoption of Christianity took form and eventually became the Catholic church.The church became intermingled with politics and became a strong entity. The policies delivered from the church had more authority than the local rulers and magistrates of the developing feudal system. For example, St. Augustine wrote about war and what justified its enactment against fellow men. This policy was followed and adhered to for hundreds of yea rs after St. Augustine wrote it. Another example, is the use of the Bible as a guideline for establishing governing systems. Scripture portrayed God as choosing the king of the people. The pope, being God's "representative" was then given the authority to crown the king. This crowning process gave the pope large influence in the political arena. This ritual continued for a number of centuries. The Crusades, which occurred around 1100 A.D., played a crucial role in challenging the church's authority. The pope identifying the spread of Islam as evil requested all of Europe embark on a "Crusade" to defeat the infidels. As the battles were fought, great treasures were found in the form of books and knowledge. These books were crude translations of old Greek texts, containing information which would eventually produce the waning of Church authority in the future.

School as the primary promoter

Developmental assets are the basic life skills and attribute that are critical building blocks for young people’s successful growth and development. They are classified broadly into two: external assets and internal assets. Each further classified into subclasses;External; support, boundaries empowerment and expectationsInternal; constructive use of time, commitment to learning, positive values, social competencies and positive identityThere are modalities in building the above assets and this was divided into 6 ways by the search institute;Everyone can build assets. Building assets requires consistent messages across a community. All adults, youth and children play a role.All young people need assets. While it is crucial to pay attention to those who have the least (economically), nearly all young people need more assets than they have.A relationship is the key. Strong relationships between adults and young people, young people and their peers, and teenagers and children are central to asset building.Asset building is an ongoing process. Building assets starts when a child is born and continues through high school and beyond.Consistent messages are important. Young people need to receive consistent messages about what's important and what's expected from their families, schools, communities, the media and other sources.Intentional redundancy is important. Assets must be continually reinforced across the years and in all areas of a young person's life. (By search institute)The assets that designate school as the primary promoter of are; · Achievement motivation; this is basically done by arousing the child psychology to act toward a desired goal. The motivation is usually achieved by understanding the child and appealing to the mental faculty of the child. These help children to achieve the following;Increase rate of high school completion, more students enrollment in college, student becomes more efficient, have greater expectation of success and achi eve better grades in school, the children have positive perception of their teachers, this also helps the children in knowing how to manage stress and anxiety. The child will also be able to communicate effectively.   All the above can only be achieve if proper technique is used. We should be able to focus on the child developing mind and self esteem which is very important in the child development. · School engagement; a developmental asset that focus mainly on the child’s involvement in the school activities. When a child participate in the school activities both extra-curricular and curricular activities, the child develops a good working relationship with his or her colleague and also with the teachers and it will help the child to develop and achieve the following; the child will want to attend school regularly, he will spend more time on his homework, it will also help the child in learning and use of â€Å"deep† study technique, there’s also greater f eeling of support at school which will affect the child’s ego positively, there’s also less involvement in drug use and less adolescent child bearing. · Homework; helps to achieve higher test scores, greater homework completion and accuracy, improved scientific literacy and fewer conduct problems and less marijuana use. Home work has the same objectives as that of school in general. It s helps by increasing the child's knowlegde and improve the capacity and skills it also help to reinforce what the child has learnt and also help in preparing them for the upcoming complex task.Risk factors that would benefit from strengthening of the assetsØ   Achievement motivation. This developmental asset is very important in building a child’s self esteem. Most human who have inferiority complex tend to lack adequate motivation from childhood. They simply don’t believe in themselves and this will surely affect their productivity.Ø   School engagement. This cant be underestimate when it comes to child’s development because it strongly influence the academic performance of the child and how he or she relates with outsiders. The school can provide activities such as sports, story telling through writing, visual autobiographies, using resources in the community to teach them and teachers can identify their successes which is utmost in boosting their moralsØ   Home-work. The third developmental assets who designate the school as the primary promoter of the child’s development are home works. Home strongly influence the way child learn   by reinforcing what he has learnt before and preventing the child from getting involve in some other activities that could have a negative impact on his life.Developmental assets and my personal philosophyDevelopmental assets are vital keys or tools in child’s development; I strongly believe that it enables parent and child care-givers and teachers to bring out the best in the ch ild so he or she can really make maximum use of his or her potentials.My experience and philosophyWhen I was young my involvement in school activities greatly influenced my life positively. I learnt how write my own stories such as my experience with riding a bicycle. With such experience, I have been able to develop my writing skills.The home works I did then was somehow stressful, because I always want to go and play but I got used to it and know I reinforce all my   classroom works by simply going over it again at home and this gave an edge in all my results.The motivation and teachings I was exposed to earlier in my life, I can manage stress and anxiety easily. So my philosophy in life about education is that â€Å"catch them young† when all is fresh and when all the neural connections are being form to achieve life success.ReferencesSearch institute. (1999). Pass it On! Ready-ta-Use Handouts for Asset Builders. Developmental assets. Retrieved July 10, 2008. From www.se arch-institute.org

Happines and Contemplation

â€Å"Happiness is Contemplation† Happiness is secured through virtue; it is a good attained by man s own will. In his book â€Å"Happiness and contemplation† Josef Pieper; reassures this statement. And, in a systematic way he devoutly presents, the tlrst halt ot his book to the examination ot happiness; the Importance of Its linguistic extraction, from the simple way to the spiritual, why we desire happiness, and the nature of our longing for It, The metaphysics of happiness, the possibility of happiness and goodness of being stand or fall together, the cause of happiness, the relationship between happiness and Joy, as well as the means to happiness.The latter he argues is contemplation; which he sees as an Intultlve perception ot the universal good enthused and sharpened by love. contemplation us such Is gradually assembled to the Idea of the need of human happiness; with different meanings and alms he concludes that Contemplation Is â€Å"d focusing on the inner gaz e, undistracted by anything from outside, but troubled from within by the challenge to achieve a profounder?. peace. Happiness is sold as a product in the marketing world and we as humans boldly buy we as society tall Into the trap otthe old tormula â€Å"greatest happiness. tor the greatest number. (13) so It comes to us Ilke a surprise when we hear that mans ultimate happiness consists in contemplation. It would not be wise to discard the proposition that contemplation is man happiness, however we deeply analyze the meaning of the word and the roots of it.Happiness is rooted in God and therefore in beatitude Happiness has many meanings in vernacular language, but, none of them have any connection with the splrlt or virtue ot the person, they are all related to the enjoyment or pleasure of the body. St. Thomas estates happiness† as an â€Å"attainment of d created good† and all humans can experience It In many different ays, from the drinking of water when thirsty to the enjoyment of the company of a loved one. However the appearance of happiness in satisfaction is not enough. The pursuit of happiness† comes to us as human nature, we want happiness by nature. because we are the only beings that can feel It. it would be unnatural to think that an animal feel happiness. so, to us Is a necessity and should be our ultimate human goal because this Is something that we cannot control, with this we conclude that happiness should be the ultimate goal of human life. Human nature conditions human souls to desire happiness, even though arguments gainst this concept might arise; ultimately we can say that men will have not the power to not want happiness.Happiness as a concept ot satiation ot our own pursuit, provides for us the drink that will sausfy our thirst, and analyzing the complexity of human nature and all the needs of humans we only have to look up to the only perfect being, The only one who is Happy by his mere existence. â€Å"To God alon e may perfect beatitude be attributed, by virtue of his nature. † (28) Looking to â€Å"happiness† as part of human nature and looking up to God as the ultimate happy being, the summa reassures this tor us as St Thomas concludes that Any human being who Is happy share In happiness that Is not of himself.For God, existence. † By this we conclude that God and happiness are the same, we fall in the same conclusion God as an impaired divine being. Exploring more the concept of â€Å"Happiness† as a pursuit and an end; we come to explore a metaphor where we see happiness as a thirst and we relate this thirst, as seeking happiness as a satiation of the will which demands quenching and this quenching of the thirst is happiness.However, this simple metaphor can unfold in two parts one looking to â€Å"happiness as drink† and the other with â€Å"happiness as rinking† This can fall into the satisfaction of a non virtuous nature, as humans our thirsts s ometimes go to extremes, man seek fame, fortune, wealth, and pleasures to quench our thirst but ultimately we realize that our happiness depends upon the glory of God. Because of this holy longing we are guided to conclude that the greatest happiness is sharing in eternity. So the satiation of this hunger and thirst only will not be satiated unless we partake of God himself.Is happiness nothing but gladness overflowing, infinite Joy? St. Thomas will say NO. Happiness without Joy is unthinkable; but they are two different things. In the Summa both concepts get clarified as Thomas explains it. â€Å"Therefore a person rejoices because he possesses a good appropriate to him†whether in reality, or in hope, or at least in memory. The appropriate good, however, if it is perfect, is precisely the man's happiness†¦ Thus it is evident that no t even the Joy which follows the possession of the perfect good is the essence of happiness itself. Enjoying life, filling with meaningful things, like serving others, being charitable, surrendering yourself to God, doing the right thing when is needed. All these things ring Joy to my heart; the ends of my dedication to them are only building on my happiness as a man. Differentiating we conclude that Joy is essentially secondary, the response to happiness. But, Joy has not purpose beyond itself. Happiness as the attainment of â€Å"the whole good† even though is difficult to find the meaning of the word attain we can conclude that is the means we use to reach our goal, so we find happiness being the result of acting and doing.The idea of happiness as action reach to three propositions, happiness means perfection; perfection means realization; realization comes from acting. Happiness means erfection, â€Å"In perfect felicity the whole man is perfected,† Perfection means full realization† felicity must consist in man's attainment of the uttermost degree of being real. â€Å"Realization is achieved b y action† in analyzing this concept one might think of this of being an outward action, but, this should be done so this remains within the person himself.