George Orwell and the Necessity of Honesty Free Essays

Vladimir Lenin, the principal head of the Soviet Union, when expressed â€Å"A lie came clean with frequently enough becomes. † in the midst of comprehensive double dealing, it is just natural for mankind to be blinded by reality in an immense ocean of misleads the point in which the demonstration of coming clean gets progressive. In George Orwell’s 1984, society is driven by the manufacture of reality trying to make an ideal world. We will compose a custom article test on George Orwell and the Necessity of Honesty or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now In any case, this endeavor only makes a general public based upon falsehoods and corruption.Through this novel, George Orwell remarks on the need for people to come clean and go up against untruths, duplicity, and equivocation since humankind will confront impeding results on the off chance that they don't. Orwell focuses on the significance of mankind to come clean by tending to the outcomes of deceitfulness dispensed on humankind. In the novel 1984, the Party’s trademark, â€Å"Who controls the past controls what's to come. Who controls the current controls the past,† uncovers the government’s interest to control all parts of peoples’ lives. By adjusting history, the Party has total intensity of the present, constraining the mental freedom of its subjects by controlling their understandings of the past. People are prohibited to keep any record of their past, for example, photos and reports, and all accounts, extraordinary or little blur â€Å"away into a shadow-world in which, at long last, even the date of the year is questionable. † Therefore, the individuals from the general public are eager to have faith in any â€Å"truth† the Party takes care of them.Due to the dependence of power, mankind would turn out to be profoundly childish and absurd. Similarly as babies rely upon their parents’ direction, all of mankind would go about as meager kids, depending on power to guide them to reality. Individuals would for all intents and purposes have no memory of the past, so they would have no understanding of feelings and would not recognize what feelings genuinely are. Accordingly, Orwell recommends that individuals would not develop as people since they would have faith in anything authority lets them know, without questioning its paradox. Thusly, people would not have the option to separate right from wrong. Orwell remarks on the need for people to go up against falsehoods, misleading, and equivocation since people will confront madness on the off chance that they don't. In the novel, when Winston is bound in the Ministry of Love, O’Brien holds up four fingers and orders Winston to state he is holding up five fingers, regardless of the deception of that announcement. However, Winston persistently says â€Å"four† and is truly tormented therefore. Until he can no longer persevere through the torment, Winston at long last uproars, â€Å"Five. Five. Five. Be that as it may, O’Brien blames Winston for lying and perpetrates all the more horrifying torment on him. By and by, O’Brien asks, â€Å"How numerous fingers am I holding up, Winston? † Winston then cries, â€Å"I don’t know. I don’t know. I don’t know†¦Four, five, sixâ€in all trustworthiness I don’t know! † This uncovers human encounter with falsehoods, misdirection, and lie prompts supreme madness. Orwell remarks on the act of doublethink as indecent and mentally harming to the human brain. This thus will influence the satisfaction of people, leaving them without trust and motivation to live.Thus, the central matter of mankind would be serve the administration and please authority. The quest for even the least complex truth among the best lies can be slippery in light of the fact that it simple for people to be blinded by reality. Through the novel 1984, Orwell voices his severe dislike on the human endeavor in making an ideal world, and he enormously complements the human requirement for people to come clean and stand up to untruths, misleading, and equivocation. In the end, if mankind doesn't do precisely this, the eventual fate of society will prompt an extreme death. The most effective method to refer to George Orwell and the Necessity of Honesty, Papers

Albert Einstein Biography Essay Example For Students

Albert Einstein Biography Essay Albert Einstein was conceived in Germany on March 14, 1879. As a child he experienced difficulty figuring out how to talk. His folks imagined that he may be intellectually impeded. He was not shrewd in school. He endured under the learning strategies that they utilized in the schools of Germany around then so he was always unable to complete his examinations. In 1894 his dads business had fizzled and the family moved to Milan, Italy. Einstein who had become intrigued by science, went to Zurich, Switzerland, to enter a renowned specialized school. There his capacity in arithmetic and material science started to appear. At the point when Einstein was graduated in 1900 he as unfit to get a showing arrangement at a college. Rather he found an administrative line of work in the patent office at Bern, Switzerland. It was not what he needed but rather it would give him recreation for considering and thinking. While over yonder he composed logical papers. Einstein submitted one of his logical papers to the University of Zurich to get a Ph. D. degree in 1905. In 1908 he sent a second paper to the University of Bern and became teacher there. The following year Einstein got an ordinary arrangement as partner teacher of material science at the University of Zurich. By 1909, Einstein was perceived all through Europe as a main logical scholar. In 1909 the notoriety that came about because of his speculations found Einstein a line of work at the University of Prague, and in 1913 he was delegated chief of another examination foundation opened in Berlin, the Kaiser Wilhelm Physics Institute. In 1915, during World War 1, Einstein distributed a paper that all-inclusive his hypotheses. He set forth new perspectives on the idea of attractive energy. Newtons speculations he said were not precise enough. Einsteins hypotheses appeared to clarify the moderate turn of the whole circle of the planet Mercury, which Newtons speculations didn't clarify. Einsteins hypotheses likewise anticipated that light beams going close to the sun would be twisted out of a straight line. At the point when this was confirmed at the shroud of 1919, Einstein was in a flash acknowledged as the extraordinary logical mastermind since Newton. At this point Germany had fallen in the hands of Adolf Hitler and his Nazis. Albert Einstein was Jewish. In 1933 when the Nazis came to control, Einstein happened to be in California. He didn't come back to Germany. He went to Belgium. The Nazis appropriated his assets, openly consumed his compositions, and ousted him from all German logical social orders. Einstein returned to the United States and turned into a resident. The nuclear bomb is a touchy gadget that relies on the arrival of vitality in an atomic response known as FISSION, which is the parting of nuclear cores. Einstein sent a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, bringing up that nuclear bombs are conceivable and that foe countries must be permitted to make them first. Roosevelt concurred with Einstein and financed the Manhattan Project. On April 18, 1955, Albert Einstein kicked the bucket. To his perishing day, he asked the world to go to some understanding that would make atomic wars perpetually outlandish.

Read Harder Book Group Recap October

Read Harder Book Group Recap October October was our second month of Read Harder Book groups, and thanks to our sponsor Love Letters to the Dead by Ava Dellaira, some lucky attendees walked away with free books! Mark your calendars for November, and take a look below at some of the books the Riot community is reading. Chicago: The Sparrow, Mary Doria Russell Nevada, Imogen Binnie Americanah, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie The Thing Around Your Neck, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie If Walls Could Talk: An Intimate History of the Home, Lucy Worsley Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers, Mary Roach Alphabet, Kathy Page Silver Sparrow, Tayari Jones H Is for Hawk, Helen Macdonald A Prayer for Owen Meany: A Novel, John Irving The Shore: A Novel, Sara Taylor Nimona, Noelle Stevenson How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia: A Novel, Mohsin Hamid Life After Life: A Novel, Kate Atkinson Star of the Sea, Joseph OConnor Dark Lies the Island: Stories, Kevin Barry The Story of a New Name: Neapolitan Novels, Book Two, Elena Ferrante The Hummingbird: A Novel, Stephen Kiernan Barbara the Slut and Other People, Lauren Holmes Fates and Furies: A Novel, Lauren Groff The Gap of Time: A Novel (Hogarth Shakespeare), Jeanette Winterson New York Pandemic: Tracking Contagions, from Cholera to Ebola and Beyond, Sonia Shah (February 23 2016) Sacred Games: A Novel, Vikram Chandra If I Was Your Girl, Meredith Russo (May 2016) Knulp: Three Tales from the Life of Knulp, Herman Hesse 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (Sterling Unabridged Classics), Jules Verne LEtranger (French Edition), Albert Camus Two Years Eight Months and Twenty-Eight Nights: A Novel, Salman Rushdie The New Gods The World Until Yesterday: What Can We Learn from Traditional Societies?, Jared Diamond The Wheel of Time series, Robert Jordan A Little Life: A Novel, Hanya Yanagihara Ring (Ring Series, Book 1), Koji Suzuki Smaller and Smaller Circles, F.H. Batacan My Age of Anxiety: Fear, Hope, Dread, and the Search for Peace of Mind, Scott Stossel You’re Fine, Gina Tron M Train, Patti Smith Slouching Towards Bethlehem: Essays (FSG Classics), Joan Didion Dragonfly in Amber (Outlander), Diana Gabaldon Daughter of Smoke Bone, Laini Taylor (audio) Firefight: The Century-Long Battle to Integrate New Yorks Bravest, Ginger Adams Otis Not My Fathers Son: A Memoir, Alan Cumming (audio) Passing And the Birds Rained Down, Jocelyn Saucier The Country of Ice Cream Star, Sandra Newman We Are Not Ourselves: A Novel, Matthew Thomas Boston Daughters unto Devils , Amy Lukavics Fates and Furies: A Novel, Lauren Groff Pretty Girls: A Novel, Karin Slaughter Epitaph: A Novel of the O.K. Corral, Mary Doria Russell Alif the Unseen, G. Willow Wilson The Traveler by John Twelve Hawks Colorless Tsukuru Tazaki and His Years of Pilgrimage by Haruki Murakami A Book of Common Prayer, Joan Didion Redefining Realness: My Path to Womanhood, Identity, Love So Much More, Janet Mock Tiger Lily, Jody Lynn Anderson Peter Pan: Centennial Edition (Signet Classics), J. M. Barrie Philadelphia Dreamstrider, Lindsay Smith Room: A Novel, Emma Donoghue Wool, Hugh Howey Big Magic: Creative Living Beyond Fear, Elizabeth Gilbert NYoure Never Weird on the Internet (Almost): A Memoir, Felicia Day None of the Above, I.W. Gregorio The Dwelling: A Novel, Susie Moloney The House, Christina Lauren Neverwhere: A Novel, Neil Gaiman Wild: From Lost to Found on the Pacific Crest Trail, Cheryl Strayed The Night Watch, Sarah Waters The Paying Guests, Sarah Waters More Happy Than Not, Adam Silvera Bad Feminist: Essays, Roxane Gay The Book of Disquiet , Fernando Pessoa Regeneration (Regeneration Trilogy), Pat Barker Nimona, Noelle Stevenson Lumberjanes Vol. 1,  Noelle Stevenson, Grace Ellis, Brooke Allen, Shannon Watters Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Cant Stop Talking, Susan Cain Armada: A Novel, Ernest Cline Ready Player One: A Novel, Ernest Cline The Storyspinner (The Keepers Chronicles), Becky Wallace Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen Death Comes to Pemberley, P.D. James The Children of Men, P.D. James We Are Water: A Novel (P.S.), Wally Lamb Shes Come Undone (Oprahs Book Club), Wally Lamb World War Z: An Oral History of the Zombie War, Max Brooks If I Stay, Gayle Forman The Plague, Albert Camus A Madness So Discreet, Mindy McGinnis Between the World and Me, Ta-Nehisi Coates Fair Coin, E.C. Myers Mistborn: The Final Empire (Book No. 1), Brandon Sanderson (audio) Steelheart (The Reckoners), Brandon Sanderson (audio) Throne of Glass, S.J. Maas (audio) Houston Hunting and Gathering, Anna Gavalda Moving Through The Streets, Joseph Veramu The Proud Breed, Celeste De Blasis The Son, Philipp Meyer Huntress (A Grace Murphy Novel Book 1), Nicole Hamlett Gils All Fright Diner, A. Lee Martinez Smoke Gets in Your Eyes: And Other Lessons from the Crematory, Caitlin Doughty Odd Thomas series, Dean Koontz Ticktock: A Novel, Dean Koontz Pym: A Novel, Mat Johnson The Intuitionist: A Novel, Colson Whitehead Geek Love: A Novel, Katherine Dunn The Handmaids Tale, Margaret Atwood One Hundred Years of Solitude, Gabriel García Márquez Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers, Mary Roach Rabid: A Cultural History of the Worlds Most Diabolical Virus, Bill Wasik and Monica Murphy Los Angeles The Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic, and Madness at the Fair That Changed America, Erik Larson OOne Hundred Years of Solitude, Gabriel García Márquez The House of the Spirits: A Novel, Isabel Allende The Girl With All the Gifts, M.R. Carey The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History, Elizabeth Kolbert Gone Girl, Gillian Flynn The Book of the New Sun, Gene Wolfe The New York Trilogy, Paul Auster Glasgow Jonathan Strange Mr. Norrell: A Novel, Susanna Clarke The Neopolitan Novels, Elena Ferrante Janice Galloway’s works in general Why Not Me?, Mindy Kaling Let’s Pretend This Never Happened, Jenny Lawson Furiously Happy: A Funny Book About Horrible Things, Jenny Lawson Courtney Milan’s works in general Brave Enough, Cheryl Strayed 750 Years in Paris, Vincent Mahé The Hare with Amber Eyes: A Hidden Inheritance, Edward de Waal Subscribe to Events to receive news and announcements about sitewide events, including daylong and weeklong bookish celebrations, as well as announcements of our Best Of and Anticipated  books. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

The Play of Romeo and Juliet - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1204 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/03/13 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Romeo and Juliet Essay William Shakespeare Essay Did you like this example? Romeo and Juliet written by Shakespeare, portrays the life of a pair of star-crossed lovers who’s passion ultimately leads the pair to their unfortunate deaths. Shakespeare uses the thematic focus to communicate the way Romeo and Juliet’s love for one another influences the outcome of their relationship in a negative and violent way. Most of the time, being in love makes people become very aware and dramatic to the point that when it comes to losing someone they love, they come to believe that their lives are over and are unable to stop holding on onto the past. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Play of Romeo and Juliet" essay for you Create order As shown throughout the play of Romeo and Juliet, love is a great passion, and as it is blinding, it can overwhelm a person powerfully and completely such as hate can. Violence can be influenced in different forms such as an action or an idea inflicted onto yourself or others. In this scene Romeo exclaims, â€Å"To call hers, exquisite, in question more. These happy mask that kiss fair ladies’ brows, Being black, puts us in mind they hide the fair. He that is strucken blind cannot forget the precious treasure of his eyesight lost†(Shakespeare Act 1.2.229-233). After Romeo is declined by Rosaline, his first love, he comes to believe that no one else in the world will ever have the audacity to challenge her beauty and personality, even though shortly after he falls in love at first sight when he layed his eyes on Juliet. Similarly to when Romeo is exiled from Verona, he compains to Friar claiming, â€Å"Ha, banishment? Be merciful, say â€Å"death†; For exile hath more terror in his look, much more than death. Do not say banishment† (Shakespeare Act 3.3.12-14). Romeo argues that being banished from Verona is the worst thing to happen to him therefore arguing it is just saying death by another name. Romeo would gladly chose to die rather than being tortured by being taken away from his love Juliet. As for Juliet, the same state of mindset she took when she heard the news of Romeo’s banishment. Juliet argues, â€Å"But wherefore, villain, didst thou kill my cousin? That villain cousin would have killed my husband.†(Shakespeare Act 3.3.100-101). She defended Romeo claiming his outcomes of being banished much more drastic than the life of her own family. In both scenes, both Romeo and Juliet have gone through a period where there is nothing possible at the moment that would comfort them as much as being better off alone. Both show that they would rather to linger in the dark and become depressed over the idea of love rather than actually trying and working on restoring hope. Both Romeo and Juliet show throughout the play that when ever handling a situation with one another, they inflict pain to themselves mentally and physically by contemplating and attempting violent ideas such as suicide. Love can be very blinding forcing violence to reflect off of the decisions a person makes, meaning why a person decides this and how the action is taken upon. Romeo and Juliet both have shown to make unreasonable and dangerous choices due their love clouding their ability to think wisely. For example, Romeo bought the poison from a apothecary claiming â€Å"There is thy gold, worse poison to mens souls† (Shakespeare Act 5.2.80). He never considered all of his options, but instead immediately jumps to the conclusion of needing to sacrifice his life in order to preserve and defend his love with Juliet. While Juliet being placed in the same situation as well, she states, â€Å"I long to die if what thou speak’st speak not of remedy† (Shakespeare, Act 4.1.66-67). She said this to Friar Lawrence claiming that if he can’t find her a way out of marrying Paris, she will just simply need to take her life away. This highlights the significance of her relationship be tween Romeo demonstrating through her actions how her love for Romeo made her think violently, even if she didn’t follow through with the task she said she was capable of committing . Both lovers show that they are willing to do anything in power without hesitation in order to conserve their relationship even if it means sacrificing one another. Violence can interfere between those you hate and who you love without any intentions to any of them. Romeo never wished to hurt Tybalt in anyway due to him being cousins with Juliet as he claimed, â€Å" I do protest, I never injured thee, But love thee better than thou canst devise, Toll thou shalt know the reason of my love. And so, good Capulet-which name I tender as dearly as mine own† (Shakespeare Act 3.1.67-71). On the other hand, Mercutio believes Romeo to be a dastardly person and refers to him as an â€Å"O calm, dishonourable, vile submission† (Shakespeare Act 3.1.70). Mercutio knows what a threat Tybalt poses against Romeo encouraging Mercution to feel angry by Tybalt’s challenge; therefore, Mercutio obtrudes himself into the conflict as a way to defend Romeo as a way to demonstrate the responsibility and control he holds. Once Mercution has been killed, Romeo results in killing Tybalt out of rage from losing his beloved best friend Mercutio. The platonic love between both Romeo and Mercutio had a big influence in the avengances of Mercutio’s death. Although clearly Tybalt is responsible for Mercutio’s death, Romeo personally expresses his own guilt for having contributed to Mercutio’s death when killing Mercutio. Treating Violence with violence justified and inflicted the real pain Romeo had to experience and cooperate unexpectedly. The power of violence has the capability to do or change anything under it’s influence and control. Romeo and Juliet were prohibited to love one another under the control of their parents due to â€Å"the continuance of their parents rage†(Shakespeare The Prologue. 10). However, the double suicide was what interfered into the families perspectives and resulted ending the conflict between the two feuding families. Both families have looked past through all those years of constant arguing and competition with one another and have come to realize through the a ctions of their children their consequences. Romeo’s Father claimed, â€Å"Alas, my liege, my wife is dead tonight. Grief of my son’s exile hath stopped her breath.† Lady Montague died of grieving for her banished son who she lovedvery much. Both details introduce the idea of how love is the source of all or most of the violence that occur throughout the play of Romeo and Juliet. Had there not been a family feud, there would have been no need for Romeo and Juliet to hide their love resulting in having no one else die tragically. Also arguing the idea that Romeo and Juliet have not been the only ones who have died due to love. The main theme of Love as a cause of violence is frequently shown throughout the entire play of Romeo and Juliet. The amount of power that love contains can work in various ways. In the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, love causes over dramatic behaviour, bad influences and decisions, and most of all, violent actions and thoughts expressed by the main and minor characters causing harm to others and one’s self.

Top College Admission Essay Help Tips!

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If you need assistance writing an essay, our crew of talented researchers and writers will make a special paper for your demands. As a consequence, such students search for the best essay help to be sure their project is going to be produced at the maximal level in agreement with all academic standards. Nowadays there are several choices to find assist. Even when you so you require help of. Additional you may also seek the support of your course mates that have a better knowledge of the topic than you do. It's only normal to be anxious about hiring an on-line essay writer since you can't ever be sure whether you are employing the perfect service or not. Our service seeks to realize that you score the maximum grade possible. If you use essays from a site that provides totally free access to their database of essays, there's an excellent chance you will wind up with inadequate quality of work. 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Aspect Oriented Software Development Free Essays

string(53) " related to attributes of the system as a whole \(e\." The implementation of software applications using GOAD techniques results in a better implementation structure which has an impact on many important software qualities such as enhanced risibility and reduced complexity. In turn, these software qualities lead to an improved software development lifestyle and, hence, to better software. This report introduces to management and software development staff to the concepts of aspect- orientation software development. We will write a custom essay sample on Aspect Oriented Software Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now It presents why aspect-orientation is needed in modern software development and what its contributions are to the improvement of software design and implementation structure. The report also highlight AAA technology details though without probing much in particular, as it present the various concepts of GOAD. After reading this introduction, the reader will understand what GOAD is about, know its key concepts and terminology engaged to elaborate 2. Introduction As software systems becomes more complex developers use new technologies to help manage development. The development of large and complex software applications is a challenging task. Apart from the enormous complexity of the software’s desired functionality, software engineers are also faced with many other acquirement that are specific to the software development lifestyle. Requirements such as risibility, robustness, performance, believability, etc. Re requirements about the design and the implementation of the softwa re itself, rather than about its functionality. Nevertheless, these non-functional requirements cannot be neglected because they contribute to the overall software quality, which is eventually perceived by the users of the software application. For example, a better believability will ensure that future maintenance tasks to the implementation can be carried out relatively easily and consequently also with fewer errors. Building software applications that adhere to all these functional and non-functional requirements is an ever more complex activity that requires appropriate programming languages and development paradigms to adequately address all these requirements throughout the entire software development lifestyle. To cope with this ever-growing complexity of software development, computer science has experienced a continuous evolution of development paradigms and programming languages. In the early days, software was directly implemented in machine-level assembly languages, leading to highly omelet implementations for even simple software applications. The introduction of the procedural and functional programming paradigms provided software engineers with abstraction mechanisms to improve the design and implementation structure of the software and reduce its overall complexity. An essential element of these paradigms is the ability to structure the software in separate but cooperating modules (e. G. Procedures, functions, etc. ). The intention is that each of these modules represents or implements a well-identified subpart of the software, which renders the individual modules better reusable and evolvable. Modern software development often takes place in the object-oriented programming paradigm that allows to further enhance the software’s design and implementation structure through appropriate object-oriented modeling techniques and language features such as inheritance, delegation, encapsulation and polymorphism. Aspect-oriented programming languages and the entire aspect-orientation paradigm are a next step in this ever continuing evolution of programming languages and development paradigms to enhance software development and hence, improve overall software quality 3. 0 Fundamental ideas underlying aspects and aspect-oriented software development The notion behind aspects is to deal with the issue of tangling and scattering. According to Ian Somerville (2009), tangling occurs when a module in a system includes code that implements different system requirements and scattering occurs when implementation of a single concern (logical requirement or set of requirements) is scattered across several components in a program. 3. 1 What an Aspect is. Aspect is an abstraction which implements a concern. Aspects are completely specification of where it should be executed. Unlike other abstractions like methods, you cannot tell by examining methods where it will be called from because there is clear separation between the definition and of the abstraction and its use. With Aspects, includes a statement that defines where the aspect will be woven into the program. This statement is known as a pinpoint. Below is an example of a pinpoint (Ian Somerville, 2006) before: call (public void update* (.. )) This implies that before the execution of many method whose starts with update, followed by any other sequence of characters, the code in the aspect after the induct definition should be executed. The wildcat (*) matches any string characters that are allowed in the identifiers. The code to be executed is known as the advice and is implementation of the cross-cutting concern. In an example below of an aspect authentication (let’s say for every change of attributes in a payroll system requires authentication), the advice gets a password from person requesting the change and checks that it matches the password of currently logged -in user. If not user is logged out and update does not proceed. Aspect authentication before: call (public void update* (.. // this is a pinpoint { // this is the advice that should be executed when woven into // the executing system into tries = O; string swearword = Password. Get ( tries ) ; while (tries 3 userPassword thisuser. password ( ) ) { // allow 3 tries to get the password right tries = tries +1 ; userPassword = Password. Get ( tries ) ; if (userPassword thisuser. password ( then //if password wrong, assume user has forgotten to log out System. Logout (thisUser. uid) ; } // authentication (Ian Sommerville, et al. , 2006) 3. 2 Aspect Terminology Advice: the code implementing a concern Pinpoint: defines specific program events with which advice should be associated (I. E. , woven into a program at appropriate Join points) Events may be method calls/ returns, accessing data, exceptions, etc. Weaving: incorporation of advice code into the program (via source code preprocessing, link-time weaving, or execution time weaving) 4. 0 Why Separation of Concerns a good guiding principle for Software Development Separation of concerns is a key principle of software design and implementation. Concerns reflect the system requirements and the priorities of the system stakeholders. Some examples of concerns are performance, security, specific categorized in several types. Functional concerns, quality of service concerns, Policy concerns, System concerns and Organizational concerns. Functional: related to specific functionality to be included in a system. Quality of service: related to the nonfunctional behavior of a system (e. G. , performance, reliability, availability). System: related to attributes of the system as a whole (e. You read "Aspect Oriented Software Development" in category "Papers" G. , maintainability, configurability). Organizational: related to organizational goals and priorities (e. G. , staying within budget, using existing software assets). In other areas concerns has been categorized according to different areas of interest or properties I. E. High level implies security and quality of service, Caching and buffering are Low level while Functional includes features, business rules and Non Functional (systematic) implies synchronization, transaction management. By reflecting the separation of concerns in a program, there is clear traceability from requirements to implementation. The principle of separation of concerns states that software should be organized so that each program element does one thing and one thing only. In this case it means each aerogram element should therefore be understandable without reference to other elements. Program abstractions (subroutines, procedures, objects, etc) support the separation of concerns. Core concerns relate to a system’s primary purpose and are normally localized within separate procedures, objects, etc. And other concerns tend to scatter and cross multiple elements. These cross-cutting concerns are managed by aspect since they cannot be localized resulting in problems when changes are required due to tangling and scattering. Separation of concerns provides modular dependency between aspects and components. For instance we would like to maintain a system that manages payroll and personnel functions in our organization, and there is a new requirement to create a log of all changes to an employee’s data by management. It would mean that changes will include in payroll, number of deduction, raises, employee’s personal data and sass of many other information associated with employee. This implies that there are several codes that will require changes. This process could be tedious and you might end up forgetting changing other codes as well even not understanding each and every code. With aspects you old deal with a particular element only. In this case there won’t be redundancy of multiple codes doing the same thing. An update function could be implemented that would be called whenever you would want to implement a particular method. 5. 0 Aspect-oriented Approach 5. 1 Requirement Engineering In requirements engineering there is need to identify requirements for the core system and the requirements for the system extensions. Viewpoints are a way to separate the concerns of different stakeholders that are core and secondary concerns. Each viewpoint represents the requirements of related groups of stakeholder. The requirements are organized according to stakeholder viewpoint then they are analyses to discover related requirements that appear in all or most viewpoints. These represent the core functionality of the system. There could be other viewpoint requirements that are specific to that viewpoint these then can be implemented as extensions to the core functionality. These requirements (secondary functional requirements) often reflect the needs of that viewpoint and may not share there are non-functional requirements that are cross-cutting concerns. These generate requirements of to some or all viewpoint for instance requirements for security, performance and cost. 5. 2 Software Design Aspect Oriented Design is the process of designing a system that makes use of aspects to implement the cross-cutting concerns and extensions that are identified during the requirements engineering process. ADD focuses on the explicit representation of cross-cutting concerns using adequate design languages. ADD languages consist of some way to specify aspects, how aspects are to be composed and a set of well-defined composition semantics to describe the details of how aspects are to be integrated. (Chitchat, Awls Rashes, Pete Sawyer, Alexandra Garcia, Monica Pinto Larson, Jotter Beaker, Bedim Ticonderoga, Skibobs Clarke, Andrew Jackson, 2005) Like in object orientation, several aspect-oriented extensions to ML design language to represent aspect-oriented concepts at the design level. One of these ML extensions is ATOM. ADD in ML requires a means of modeling aspects using ML stereotypes. Is an approach of specifying the Join points where the aspect advice is to be composed with the core system. The high-level statement of requirements provides a basis for identifying some system extensions that may be implemented as aspects. Developing these in more details to identify further extensions and understanding the functionality required is to identify a set of use cases associated with each viewpoint. Each use case represents an aspect. Extension use cases naturally fit the core and extensions architectural model of system. Jacobsen and Eng (2004)) 5. 2. 1 Aspect-oriented Design Process Below is fugue 1 that illustrate the design activities of generic aspect-oriented design process Core system design is where you design the system architecture to support the core functionality of the system. Aspect identification and design Starting with the extensions identified in the system requirements, you should analyses these to see if they are aspects in themselves or if they should be broken down into several aspects. Composition design At this stage, you analyses the core system and aspect designs to discover where the aspects should be composed with the core system. Essentially, you are identifying the Joint points in a program at which aspects will be woven Conflict analysis and resolution Conflicts occur when there is a pinpoint clash with different aspects specifying that they should be composed at the same point in the aerogram Name design is the essential to avoid the problem of accidental pinpoints. These occur when, at some program Join point, the name accidentally matches that in a pinpoint pattern. The advice is therefore unintentionally applied at that point. 5. 3 Programming The goal of aspect-oriented programming is to provide an advance modularization scheme to separate the core functionality of software system from system-wide concerns that cut across the implementation of this core functionality. (Kim Mess and Tom Tour ©, 2007) APP must address both what the programmer can say and owe the computer system will realize the program in a program system. APP system: mechanisms are conceptually straight forward and have efficient implementations. 5. 3. 1 Joint Point Model A Join point model defines the kinds of Join points available and how they are accessed and used. They are specific to each aspect-oriented programming language for instance Aspects. In Aspects, Joint point are defined by grouping them into pinpoints. 5. 3. 2 Pinpoint A pinpoint is a predicate that matches Join points. A pinpoint is a relationship ‘Join point Boolean’, where the domain of the relationship is all possible Join points. 3. 3 Advice 5. 4 Advantages and Disadvantages of APP APP promotes clear design and risibility by enforcing the principles of abstraction and separation of concerns. APP explicitly promotes separation of concerns, unlike earlier development paradigms. This separation of concerns provides cleaner assignment of responsibilities, higher modularization and easier system evolution, and should thus lead to software systems which ar e easier to maintain. The process is to collect scattered concerns into compact structure units, namely the aspects. On the other hand, APP cannot be elegantly applied to every possible situation. . 0 Validation and verification Validation and Verification is the process of demonstrating that a program meets the real needs of its stakeholders and meets its specification. Validation or testing is used to discover defects in the program or to demonstrate that the program meets its requirements. Statement verification techniques focus on manual or automated analysis of the source code. Like any other systems, aspects-oriented systems can be tested as black-boxes using the specification to derive the tests. However, program source code is problematic. Aspects also introduce additional testing (Ian Somerville (2006)) 6. 1 Testing problems with aspects To inspect a program in a conventional language effectively, you should be able to read it from right to left and top to bottom. Aspects make this as the program is a web rather than a sequential document. One can’t tell from the source code where an aspect will be woven and executed. Flattening an aspect-oriented program for reading is practically impossible 6. Challenges with Aspect-oriented Systems One of the limitations of APP is that it is not supported by default on any programming platform. Although it seems to be gaining popularity, its implementation has been undertaken by third parties as extensions to development framework. This has resulted in some level of disparity on the features being implemented as some of the implementations only implement specific features making it difficult to use such frameworks in some situatio ns in addition to creating some confusion over the feature. AAA programs can be â€Å"black-box tested† using requirements to design the tests, but program inspections and â€Å"white-box testing† can be problematic, since you can’t always tell from the source code alone where an aspect will be woven and executed. 7. 0 Recommendations Adopting Aspect Oriented Software development will reduce repetitions of coding or Component maintenance and reuse has a great impact to the company. On the part of cost, the company can determine whether it is easy to maintain its systems or not. Using other development paradigm can be cumbersome hence increasing tangling and scattering. System performance will also be affected in such a way that there could be more codes doing the same thing. GOAD concepts reduce redundancy and increase system performance. All functional and non-functional concerns are dealt with in GOAD. On implementation of security, Design flaws and code errors or bugs old be some of the causes of security flaws in software. Unlike SOD, GOAD approach made Software Development easy with the separation of concerns leading to modularization in reuse. How to cite Aspect Oriented Software Development, Papers

Writing Tips On How To Write Essay Quickly

Writing Tips On How To Write Essay Quickly Usually, writing an essay takes some substantial amount of time and effort. The task gets more complicated if the essay needs to be written very quickly. Preparation is the key, so check out some simple tips for writing an essay when you have a limited amount of time. Start early One very wise man said that â€Å"well begun is half done†. Starting something is one of the most difficult stages of any process. If to talk about a creative process such as writing, everything is even more complicated. All creative people are subjected to procrastination, anxiety and any sorts of doubts about whether they can finish the task on time. To make a process develop, it is important to start no matter what, in order to make the inspiration flow. What’s more, the earlier you start, the better the results will be and the faster you will finish your essay. Know your topic It is important to hold in mind your topic all the time. You may keep the main subject of your investigation in front of you in a form of a sticky note or a printed reminder, in order not to lose the main idea while you put your thoughts on paper. It would be good to contemplate and envisage how your idea will develop before you start writing so that when you write, you will roughly know where you are heading. In such a way, it will be easier to write the essay quickly. Write imperfect first draft If you want to finish your essay as quickly as possible, start writing it without judging your text. You do not need to worry too much about the quality of your work at this stage. All you need to do is to express your idea as vividly as you can. Later on, you will be able to revise and edit your paper, but so far, constant thinking of small details will slow down the process. After writing the first imperfect draft, you will feel relieved, as your essay is almost ready and all you need to do is to correct small mistakes. Decide which part you will write first You may choose a traditional approach and start your writing with the introduction, continue developing the argument in the body paragraphs and finish your essay with the conclusion. However, many students find it useful to write the main body first, and only after that, they write an introduction and a conclusion. After the main part is ready, you are clear about the discussed idea, so it is much easier to formulate concise and powerful beginning and concluding parts. You can choose any of the options as long as you are comfortable with it and you are sure that it will help you write your paper quickly. Put the essay aside for some time You might face a tight deadline, but writing your paper in one sitting is not a good option and will not bring results that you need. Perhaps, you will reach your goal and manage to write your essay quickly, but the quality of your work will suffer. If time allows, put your piece of writing aside and get back to it later to review it with a fresh eye. This will help spot the errors that were not obvious to you previously. Writing an essay is a challenging task, especially if you have time limitations. We hope that our tips can help you in completing your assignment successfully. Last but not least, do not forget to reward yourself for all your hard work!

french revoluion essays

french revoluion essays The French Revolution last from 1789 to 1799. This war had many causes that began the revolution. Its causes ranged from the American Revolution, the economic crisis in France, social injustices to the immediate causes like the fall of Bastille, the Convening of he Estate-General, and the Great Fear. As a result of this revolution there many effects , immediate and long term. The immediate effects were the declaration of rights of man, abolishing of olds reign, execution of king and queen, the reign of terror, and war and forming of the citizen-army. The long term effects were the rise of Napoleon, spread of revolutionary ideas, growth of nationalism, and the The contributing factors to the French Revolution was the economic crisis in France. The French government had undergone economic crises, resulting from the long wars waged during the reign of Louis XIV, the losses incurred in the French and Indian War, and increased indebtedness arising from loans to the American colonies during the American Revolution. The American Revolution showed that they got economical and political freedom from Britain. This liberalism sparked many revolutions in Europe ,but in France the ideas of the Enlightenment and liberalism were put to their fullest test. The French people wanted rights and would later get these. Another reason was that the old regime was ineffective and it abused its power. The immediate causes of the French Revolution were that the Estate-General had to convene. Increasing political pressure and being faced with the total collapse of its finances, the Old Regime began to unravel. Almost immediately tempers arose regarding voting procedures in the upcoming Estates-General. In its last meeting, voting had been organized by estate, with each of the three estates meeting separately and each having one vote. In this way the privileged classes had combined to outvote ...

Desert Pavement Theories

Desert Pavement Theories When you decide to visit the desert, you usually have to go off the pavement, onto a dirt road. Sooner or later you arrive in the brightness and space that you came for. And if you turn your eyes from the distant landmarks around you, you may see another kind of pavement at your feet, called desert pavement. A Street of Varnished Stones Its not at all like the drifting sand that people often picture when they think of the desert. Desert pavement is a stony surface without sand or vegetation that covers large parts of the worlds drylands. Its not photogenic, like the twisted shapes of hoodoos or the eerie forms of dunes, but seeing its presence on a wide desert vista, dark with age, gives a hint of the delicate balance of slow, gentle forces that create desert pavement. It is a sign that the land has been undisturbed, perhaps for thousands- hundreds of thousands of years. What makes desert pavement dark is rock varnish, a peculiar coating built up over many decades by windblown clay particles and the tough bacteria that live on them. Varnish has been found on fuel cans left in the Sahara during World War II, so we know that it can form fairly fast, geologically speaking. What Creates Desert Pavement What makes desert pavement stony is not always so clear. There are three traditional explanations for bringing stones to the surface, plus a much newer one claiming that the stones started out at the surface. The first theory is that the pavement is a lag deposit, made of rocks left behind after the wind blew away all the fine-grained material. (Wind-blown erosion is called deflation.) This is clearly so in many places, but in many other places, a thin crust created by minerals or soil organisms binds the surface together. That would prevent deflation. The second explanation relies on moving water, during the occasional rains, to winnow out the fine material. Once the finest material is splashed loose by raindrops, a thin layer of rainwater, or sheet flow, sweeps it away efficiently. Both wind and water could work on the same surface at different times. The third theory is that processes in the soil move stones to the top. Repeated cycles of wetting and drying have been shown to do that. Two other soil processes involve the formation of ice crystals in the soil (frost heave) and salt crystals (salt heave) in places with the right temperature or chemistry. In most deserts, these three mechanisms- deflation, sheet flow, and heave- can work together in various combinations to explain desert pavements. But where there are exceptions, we have a new, fourth mechanism. The Born at the Surface Theory The newest theory of pavement formation comes from careful studies of places like Cima Dome, in the Mojave Desert of California, by Stephen Wells and his coworkers. Cima Dome is a place where lava flows of recent age, geologically speaking, are partly covered by younger soil layers that have desert pavement on top of them, made of rubble from the same lava. The soil has been built up, not blown away, and yet it still has stones on top. In fact, there are no stones in the soil, not even gravel. There are ways to tell how many years stone has been exposed on the ground. Wells used a method based on cosmogenic helium-3, which forms by cosmic ray bombardment at the ground surface. Helium-3 is retained inside grains of olivine and pyroxene in the lava flows, building up with exposure time. The helium-3 dates show that the lava stones in the desert pavement at Cima Dome have all been at the surface the same amount of time as the solid lava flows right next to them. Its inescapable that in some places, as he put it in a July 1995 article in Geology, stone pavements are born at the surface. While the stones remain on the surface due to heave, deposition of windblown dust must build up the soil beneath that pavement. For the geologist, this discovery means that some desert pavements preserve a long history of dust deposition beneath them. The dust is a record of ancient climate, just as it is on the deep sea floor and in the worlds ice caps. To those well-read volumes of Earth history, we may be able to add a new geologic book whose pages are desert dust.

Personal Impact of Substance Abuse Research Paper

Personal Impact of Substance Abuse - Research Paper Example You came light at night and that is what made your eldest son to bring you over here. You need to see the fact that your kids need you right now. They are also going through the same phase as you are but they are trying to cope with it. They have already lost their mother and they do not want to lose their father as well. If you will go on to take alcohol like this, you won’t only destroy your life but you will also be responsible for snatching away the future of your kids. Instead of being calm and patient with them, you shout at them and indulge in arguments with your loved ones (Wolfenden, 2010). Whenever you drive with alcohol in your body and mind, you are risking your life. You exhaust yourself, you make yourself numb through alcohol and thus you do not have the energy to talk to your kids. It is necessary that you communicate with them. In this way, not only you will feel better but your kids will also feel better. If you will keep on taking alcohol, you will be subjecting yourself to heart diseases (Wolfenden, 2010). Moreover, these habits also lead to high blood pressure which in turn leads to strokes, acute kidney failures and in many sever cases, cancer. When you said that you have tried to stop, but could not, it is because you cannot get rid of this problem in a day. You need medical supervision when you withdraw from this alcohol abuse. The symptoms are direr when you stop taking it after a period of over dose. You will suffer from headache, nausea; increase in the heart beat level, decrease in appetite, tremors, exhaustion and sometimes insomnia (Wolfenden, 2010). But you should not worry because this all is normal when you withdraw from alcohol. After a month or two you start to feel immensely better. You will also be given some medicines to curb the urge of drinking alcohol. These medicines will be temporary and will be stopped after a certain time period. You need to organize your life once again, and I understand that it is easier said

Safety Management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Safety Management - Term Paper Example For any given manufacturing organization, the list of occupational hazards is very long. There may be health hazards from operating bulky, dangerous machinery that may injure or even kill the operator, working in improper positions, physical hazards such as too much noise, heat, inadequate lighting, and exposure to harmful radiations. There may also be exposed to chemicals like lead, cadmium, chromium, organic solvents and welding fumes. Plus, there are mental and psychological hazards from working long hours and in shifts. Specifically, in a car-manufacturing industry, there are some activities involved that have serious implications for health. In the manufacturing of battery for cars, there is a high incidence of exposure to lead and cadmium in case of lead-acid batteries and cadmium batteries respectively. Too much exposure to these metals may lead to chronic lung and kidney diseases that may prove to be fatal. Another fairly common activity in this sector is the welding or smelt ing of metals in order to construct the body of the car. This poses a risk of exposure to toxic materials like Sulphur dioxide and Welding fumes. In addition, the environment in and around the area in which the factory is situated gets polluted and affects the families living in them. All these occupational hazards are evident in the Toyota Group.In this respect, Toyota delivers not just the best cars made out of the most advanced set of tools and techniques but also in terms of high safety standards for its employees.

Supply Chain Management Creating Competitive Advantage

Supply Chain Management Creating Competitive Advantage According to extensive Christopher (2005) the supply chain can basically be described as a triangular relationship between three Cs, the customer, the company and competitors. Christopher and Hines (2004) both suggests that the term chain should be replaced by network as the number of inter-connections between suppliers can be extensive. A well-managed supply chain can be a resource that enables an organisation to develop and sustain competitive advantage in a global market in a volatile economic environment together with industry re-organisation and increases in internet driven sales. Supply chains compete not companies is Christophers motto on his web page and summarises how competition is a key issue for organizations. With the advent of internet shopping there is an abundance of competitors ready to provide ever demanding consumers with the products they desire. Consumers want better quality, faster delivery and at a lower cost. Individual businesses cannot function alone, but have an inter-dependent relationship with integrated supply chains, whose success or failure is ultimately determined in the marketplace by the end consumers (Christopher and Towill, 2001; Monczka, Handfield, Giunipero Patterson 2009). Organisations that focus on developing the most cost effective and efficient supply chains will be the market winners and achieve a competitive advantage. A companys competitive advantage can be defined as the ability to make a higher profit than competitors through differentiation of products or services from those of competitors and better products or services in terms of quality and cost than competitors. Good supply chain management (SCM) enables quick response from supply chains to meet customer demands. In order to maintain competitive advantage dynamic businesses need short lead times, the ability to manage the peaks and troughs of demand (Sabath, 1998), and incorporate time-based competition (Stalk, 1988; Droge, Jayaram Vickery 2004). The aims of the literature review are to examine what contributes to a dynamic company in respect to a sustainable competitive advantage, responsive supply chain management (RSCM) with relation to dynamic industries including the fast fashion industry. The literature review will examine the factors that contribute to a companys strategy development for product differentiation and competitive advantage. Porters (1990) five forces analysis provides organisations with a framework to identify competition and market position will be discussed. The relevance of time-based competition and a review of different types of supply chains including supply chain management will also be presented. The different types of supply chains to be examined include value supply chains, agile and lean supply chains and Responsive Supply Chain (RSC). The literature review concludes with an assessment of the apparel industry in the UK and implications and impact of the supply chain. Is the supply chain as effe ctive as the literature depicts? Internal analysis of an organisation An internal analysis of a company provides managers with an insight into the success of the business for example how effective are its current strategies? Are its resources deployed effectively to support its strategies? In addressing such questions it is the business itself that determines it competitiveness. If a company undertakes an internal analysis it can identify competencies and core competencies which can be developed the importance of which will be discussed again later in this review. The internal analysis can also examine value-added activities and again these will be discussed in more detail later. Managers can also evaluate financial performance particularly in relation to competitors and identify areas of weakness. In many companies the majority of products go through the following stages; research and development prototyping, and then introduction of the new product, if the product is successful there will be market growth and profitability and competitors will become apparent. There will be a period of growth during which the product matures and this is the stage of product differentiation where the product dominates the market. Eventually the product declines as either new products are developed or improved upon by the competition. Management should know what stage their products are in as they can then develop their strategy. Business strategy analysis Business strategy is a process consisting of three phases; strategic analysis, strategic selection and strategic implementation. Strategic analysis evaluates the companys position in the market, the strengths and weaknesses of the product, and evaluates other companies who represent the main competitors. Strategic selection and implementation involves obtaining the goals identified as a result of the strategic analysis. Porter (1990) developed a framework known as the five forces model which assists with the analysis of factors contributing to a competitive advantage and to develop a competitive strategy based on positioning in the market. In a similar way to a SWOT analysis the five forces analyses competitive intensity and the attractiveness, in terms of the profitability of a company. Figure 1: from The five competitive forces that shape strategy by Michael E Porter Harvard Business Review 2008 The five factors illustrated in Figure 1consist of; the risk of entry into the market by potential competitors; the bargaining power amongst buyers; the bargaining power of suppliers; the closeness of substitutes to an industrys product all four of which contribute to the final factor which is the intensity of competition amongst established companies within an industry There are factors that moderate the threats firstly; the threat of new entry competition may be moderated by factors such as economies of scale, product differentiation, capital requirements, or switching the cost to buyers. Second, the buyers power may be moderated by the number of buyers relative to sellers, product differentiation, buyers profit margins, switching costs to other products and how important the product is to the buyer. The third force is the threat of substitute products moderating factors includes the relative price and quality of the substitute product and switching the cost to the buyer. The fourth force is the determinants of supplier power, supplier concentration, availability of substitute inputs, importance of suppliers input to buyer and suppliers product differentiation. These factors all contribute to the fifth force the competition and rivalry amongst existing firms which depends on the diversity, size and number of competitors, how quickly the industry i s growing and the range of product differentiation. Porters views have been disputed by Booth and Philip (1998) and Edwards (1997) who suggest that organisations should be flexible and unite both cost leadership (lowest production cost or higher rate of return) and differentiation in order to give customers unique value. Other criticisms include Porters emphasis on analysis and little information about formulation or implementation as van den Bosch de Man (1994) argue diagnosis does not necessarily lead to health (p. 14). According to Mintzberg (1990) the organisation must gain market power diminishing the buyers and suppliers power which although the five factors may mean economic power it could be mistaken for political power and finally bias towards large, established businesses as new companies or industries can only be analysed once they are established (Hamel and Prahalad 1989). Other critics (e.g. Sharp Dawes) have also labeled Porters conclusions as lacking in empirical support; have been justified using selective case studi es to support his perspective and for inconsistent logical argument in his claims. The sources-position-performance model (SPP) (Day and Wensley, 1988; Hunt and Morgan, 1995) is also a strategic framework for competitive advantage and reflects Porters 1985 proposal of positional advantage in respect of either cost or differentiation. The SPP model proposes that an organisations sources (for example superior skills or resources) can be maximised to achieve a positional advantage (for example differentiation in lower costs or higher value) which finally results in a superior performance outcome (for example an increased market share and/or higher profitability). Day and Wensley (1988) suggest that a differential positional advantage can be achieved with the brand name, features that are innovative and a product that is of high quality. These factors contribute towards the potential for obtaining a secure market position and a profitable market performance. Doyle and Wong (1998) support this viewpoint reporting that successful companys differential advantage was acqui red through product differentiation, services and the reputation of the company. Competitive advantage can also be maintained by re-investing some or all of the profit back into the company. For better customer satisfaction and market understanding, companies are striving to achieve the best performance from their supply chains by three key components (Fisher, 1997) these include responsiveness of the supply chains, accurate demand forecasting and inventory management. In a dynamic, globalised and competitive environment, companies are under pressure to improve their supply chain strategies in order to be more responsive to customer demands. Christopher (2000) defines responsiveness as the ability of a supply chain to respond rapidly to changes in demand, in respect of amount and variety. (Fisher, 1997; Christopher, 2000, 2005) Uncertainties in demands are unavoidable due to the changing market conditions and customer expectations. In supply chains, inventory is the currency of service that helps deal with uncertainty and provides flexibility, though it can be costly (Chase and Aquilano, 1995; Bernard, 1999) Time-based strategies In current competitive markets if customers cannot get what they want from one company they will go to the competition. Leading companies such as Federal Express and Honda have demonstrated that if organisations are able to implement time-based strategies in areas such as production, developing new products, selling goods and the supply chain this can represents a powerful competitive advantage. In a survey of American companies Davis (1995) found that a high priority for the majority of organisations was time-based competitive strategy. Customers appreciate receiving their products promptly and this also encourages market growth as prompt delivery is a competitive advantage. It is not necessary to have a large stock of goods because efficient manufactures can deliver an order on the day it is received. The concept of time-based competition was introduced by Stalk (1988) and emphasises time as an important factor in developing and maintaining a competitive advantage. A time-based str ategy aims to reduce time in the stages of product proposal, development, manufacture, marketing and delivery. The business cycle time can be defined as the total time between receiving an order and getting the product to market which is particularly relevant to the fast fashion sector. If a company adopts a time-based strategy there appear to be a few strategies that can be implemented. Examples include starting afresh as it is not sufficient to just attempt to speed up existing activities. Another approach is to use a systematic framework to evaluate the requirements of customers and suppliers and then only undertaking only those tasks that fulfil the requirements. This strategy could reduce cycle time and could be implemented as part of the Total Quality Management (TQM) process. Another area that could be re-assessed is the approval process which means that the number of times a product or service needs internal approval before reaching the customer could be reduced. Stalk and Hout (1990) reported that successful companies that utilise time-based strategies will be able to offer a wider variety of goods at low cost and faster delivery times in comparison to the competition. Stalk and Hout also argue that there are a number of myths in business concerning increases costs when reduced lead times and response times are reduced however, when offered together with an increase in the variety of products which customers have requested there can be a very profitable upsurge for a time-sensitive company in comparison to the competition. It is also argued that time-consumption is quantifiable and therefore manageable. Successful companies focus on reducing delays and perhaps eliminating them altogether in order to gain a competitor advantage. Stalk and Hout argue that the majority of businesses can use time in a positive and constructive way and increase profitability. An example of flexible manufacturing and rapid response systems is presented by Ruch (1997) reports that in the past Motorola used to take three weeks to complete an order for a pager whereas an order is now completed in two hours. In relation to the fast fashion industry distribution is a major factor as the demand for current fashion trends require an efficient distribution system and competitive advantage will be lost if products are delayed in the distribution chain. There are two time-based strategies used; fast to market and fast to produce. Companies that are competitive regarding the to-market speed emphasise reductions in design lead-time. The company has the ability to minimise the time it takes to develop new products or make rapid design changes. Fast-to-product companies emphasise speed in responding to customer demands for existing products. Wal-Mart has been able to dominate its industry by replenishing its stores twice as fast as its competitors (Stalk 1998). Vickery, Droge, Yeomans and Markland (1995) found that new product introduction was the most consistent predictor of business performance. Development cycle time was second and production lead time and delivery speed were not as significant predictors of success as the first two. However this research is now quite old and it is possible that it is not relevant to the fast fashion business in terms of speed of delivery not being such a strong predictor of success As an example of a fast fashion company using time based-competition Gunasekaran (2001) cites Benetton an Italian company which produces distinctive casual wear for children, men and women and is a good example of an agile organisation using time compression. Benetton has centralised management and operations for a global market using more than 400 sub-contractors. The company has found that the fastest way to utilise a distribution system was through rapid feedback from over 400 travelling sales representatives, producers and the warehouse. If an item is selling the producers will work in fast-turnaround which has had a huge impact on reducing the time for replacement items. In order for this to be successful there needs to be a flawless flow of materials to allow agility in the production stage and this is organised by the production division. Benettons competitive advantage is the customer ordering system and the companys advance use of IT (p. 389-390). Gattorna and Walters (1996) report that Benetton delay dyeing their jumpers until the end of the supply process so standard jumpers are customised at a late stage and therefore allows some customer choice but without long lead-times and the risk of the product being outmoded. Davis (1995) states that Benettons system cost $30 million to build yet only eight people are required to operate it and the company can move 230,000 items of clothing each day. The warehouse is mechanised and the bar codes are scanned, goods are selected and transported. From order to store the overall cycle time for goods in stock is one week, if not in stock four weeks. Getting the right products to the customer at the right time, cost, place, condition and quantity, information technology and logistics networks are very dependent on the supply chain management and the type of supply chain used which will now be discussed in the following sections. Supply Chain Management The logistics involved in providing the consumer with the required products is complex. Issues such as time (as discussed above), outsourcing, off-shoring and global competition are a few examples and this means that the supply chain has taken on increasing importance (Monczka, Handfield, Giunipero and Patterson 2009). The supply chain is defined by Mentzer, Dewitt, Keebler et al (2001) as a group of three or more companies connected by an upstream or downstream flow of goods or services. Supply Chain Management (SCM) is the strategic organisation and proactively management of all the inter-related activities. The activities can be internal or external to an organisation and may also be across international and cultural boundaries. Supply management is defined by Monczka et al (2009) as a strategic approach to planning for and acquiring the organizations current and future needs through effectively managing the supply base à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..with cross functional teams (CFTs) to achieve the organisations mission (p. 8). SCM includes operations such as the evaluation and selection of the supplier; New Product Development (NPD); ensuring the implementation of the customers order; and maintaining demand and supply. According to Gattorna and Walters (1996) there are five basic functions required for a balanced supply chain which include procurement (maximum purchasing discounts); inboard logistics (low transportation costs); operations (low production costs), marketing and sales (wide product variety and high availability); and outbound logistics (low transportation costs). In order to develop an integrated supply there also needs a flow of information at three stages, strategic, tactical, and operational SCM differs from purchasing or procurement as Kalakota and Robinson (2000) state they much broader concepts, Purchasing is often described as the five rights; right quality, right quantity, right time, right price and right source (Baily, Farmer, Jessop, Jones 1994). SCM is a more dynamic and strategic approach than purchasing which is also referred to as strategic sourcing in the literature (e.g. Gottfredson, Puryear and Phillips 2005). The phrase strategic sourcing originated as a buzz word in the 1980s from management consultants such as PricewaterhouseCoopers when working with Blue Chip companies however the development of the term raises an significant and relevant issue concerning the emphasis that sophisticated, world-class leaders (WCL) place on SCM (Kasul, Motwani, 1995). Other companies may aspire to be WCL and this drives competition. An organisation particularly a newcomer to the market might benefit from trying to identify characteristics in WCLs as it might provide an opportunity to implement and improve their internal and external processes, core manufacturing strategies and develop a global strategy to achieve company-wide improvements towards WCO status and global competitiveness. A starting point could be the strategic management of the supply chain and there are four main factors that characterise supply chain management these are information, time, customer demand, and response strategy for problems. Firstly, there must be a good flow of information between groups or individuals who may be culturally diverse. Good communication promotes good relationships and reduces time delays in the chain. Cost and accessibility are issues that management must consider. The second factor is time, whether the supply chain is efficient which, as previously discussed, is seen as competitive advantage. As the amount of competition in both the domestic and international markets increases organisations must have an efficient supply chain in order to compete. The third point also previously discussed involves the increasing demands and expectations of consumers and also the range of alternative options available to them therefore management may also want to consider customer loyalty. The final point in supply change management is the organsations response strategy to any major disruptions in both supply and downstream production which will the lessen the impact on lost sales. SCM necessitates good team work as it involves those who are purchasing the goods, the supplier, quality assurance and other associated roles the relationship is not adversarial as may have been the situation in traditional purchasing but in business SCM encompasses a win-win situation for the supplier and the company purchasing the goods. The relationship needs to be beneficial for all parties to allow for rapid change which is particularly relevant for the fast fashion industry. When developing a supply chain strategy Fisher (1997) stated that in order to implement the optimal approach the relationship between supply and demand must be coordinated to take into account the type of product, demand and sales predictability. Products can be categorise into two generic types, fashion and commodities. Fisher states that fast fashion has a short life-cycle and high demand uncertainty, and that there is the risk to the supply chain of both stock out and outmoded products. Popular, trendy clothing requires a management strategy that can co-ordinate the supply and demand and allow companies to respond faster to the marketplace. Commodities that are basic products, such as tinned food, they have comparatively long life cycles and have a low demand uncertainty usually because they are well-established products with a known consumption pattern. The driving force for commodity supply chains is the reduction of cost. Hills (1993) manufacturing strategy metrics, notes that the main difference between the two groups of products for fashion products is the emphasis is on availability, while for commodities is the emphasis is on price. Supply chains and value chains A business can be considered as a system that converts inputs (resources or materials) into an output (goods or services). All of the internal actions of a company add value to the inputs. The value of the completed product is equal to the price a consumer is prepared to pay. The activities of a business can be broken down into a sequence of activities know as the value chain. Porters value chain model was developed in the 1980s and proposes that an organisations supply chain can lead to a competitive advantage (Porter 1985; 1996). Porter original model proposed that the value supply chain was focused on the companys internal employees. Porter stated that a supply chain is a subset of a value chain, for example all personnel within the organisation are part of a value chain whereas they are not part of the supply chain. A diagram of Porters model is shown in Figure 2 two components are shown the Primary and Support activities. Support activities are shown in the horizontal flow and are the operational part of the value chain (the supply chain). Primary activities directly add value while support activities add value indirectly by supporting the effective implementation of the primary activities. At an organisational level the value chain is depicted as being broader than the supply chain because it includes all activities in the form of primary and support activities. The difference between the end value and the total cost is the margin. Figure 2: The Value Chain (Porter 1996) The value chain has developed and expanded from Porters original concept (the internal employees of an organisation) to include suppliers and customers and is referred to as the extended value chain or extended enterprise. This development has occurred because progressive companies acknowledge that successful management of cost, quality and delivery may depend on suppliers that are located several levels away from the producer. Porters value-chain analysis provides an explanation of how much value is added to an organisations final products or services in comparison to the original cost of the materials or resources. There is a clear relationship between value-adding activities, such as the core competences and competences which provide knowledge and skills necessary to undertake the value adding activities and resources which form the inputs to a companys value adding activities. In order to maintain a competitive advantage a company should be able to undertake an analysis of the value chain which should enable a company to obtain a breakdown of all the activities the organisation undertakes and to identify the core activities and their relationship to core competences. A competence is a quality or a collection of qualities which the companies in a particular industry possesses A core competence or distinctive capability is a quality or collection of qualities which is specific to a particular organisation which enables it to produce above the average performance of the industry as a whole. As a result of a distinctive capability is an output that customers value more highly than those of competitors, the competitive advantage. In order to be successful in business companies certain competencies are necessary but the core competences are the differential. The company should be able to identifying areas where the cost of adding the value is greater than the value added; the identification and assessment of non-value adding activities. A good TQM process involves defining the process for producing products or services, using mapping or flow-charting techniques to identify non value-added tasks these tasks are then either improved or eliminated. Management can develop strategies to find new ways to acquire value (for example a new production plant near to the companys head office with add value because transportations costs will be less). In respect to SCM the amount of the value added by teams within an organisation should be assessed and periodically reviewed and any blockages that reduce a companys competitive advantage must be identified. The assessment of the organisations value chain should not be undertaken in isolation but considered together with its association with suppliers, distributors and customers. It is also necessary to verify whether the value chain supports the organisations current strategy for example if strategy is to cut costs the analysis should focus on this. If strategy is the production of high quality goods the focus should be on strategies to improve quality outcomes. Outsourcing is an activity that can be used as part of the overall sourcing strategy for services. Outsourcing entails the transfer of staff and assets to an external or third-party company which then provides them back as a service. Outsourcing is an example of companies concentrating on their core activities and competences while getting the support activities done by someone else as such outsourcing has the potential of giving both parties a competitive advantage. The role of SCM is to evaluate which activities the company should undertake and which should be outsourced. An important consideration is that there will be different value chains for different organisations because not all activities within a company are of the same importance in adding value to its products. Activities that do add value are the core activities and are usually linked closely to the core competences. An organisations value chain will also be part of the value chains of other companies, for example the suppliers and distributors and customers. It is unusual nowadays for a solitary organisation to undertake all the value-adding activities ranging from design, production, delivery and service provision for a product. Three different types of supply chains will now be discussed in the following section, agile supply chains, lean supply chains and RSC Agile supply chain Supply and demand has been identified as the Increasing volatility in demand and competitive pressures force more frequent product changes (Gattorna and Walters 1996) agile supply chains are usually dominated by surge (Fisher 1997). An agile supply chain has to be created to manage uncertainty, satisfy consumer demand and ensure profitability. The definition of agility Agility means using market knowledge and a virtual corporation to exploit profitable opportunities in a volatile marketplace (Naylor, Naim, Berry, 1999 p. 62) Todays consumers demand variety and companies need to demonstrate customer responsive behavior with suppliers, being able to adjust quickly to meet market demand and to replace one product for another. In a genuinely agile business the strategy and supply chain relationships are developed to such an extent that volatility of demand is dealt with (Christopher 2000). Uncertainty is characteristic of todays markets as a result of a combination of factors which include the globalisation of the supply chain, concurrent inexpensive IT and communications; increased ability to develop product variety and reduce product life cycles while remaining cost competitive. These drivers promote end-consumers promote these drivers to demand greater choice and improved value (Li 2009). These dynamics are especially relevant in the context of the fashion industry and clothing retail in general (Sparka and Fernie, 1998; Jones, 1998; Jones 2002). With economic changes in recent years and greater global co mpetition responsiveness is essential throughout the supply-chain (Gattorna, 1998; Pine, 1993; Goldman, Nagel, Preiss 1995; Christopher, 2005) with such significant changes, successful organisations have to remain competitive while adapting to changing marketplace conditions (Brown and Eisenhardt, 1998). A significant feature of an agile organisation is flexibility (Christopher 2000) and this idea originates from flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). Agility is necessary in environments that are not predictable with volatile demand and consumers require variety. If a product is highly fashionable then, by its very nature, its demand will be unpredictable (Mason-Jones, Naylor, Towell 2000) Agile supply chains are market sensitive which means there is a quick response to consumer demand. This is quite different to many organisations which are forecast driven rather than demand driven. Technology can assist in demand driven organisations as data can be quickly accessed from the point of sale. As mention in the section on SCM communication between the members of the supply chain is an important factor in its success. Shared information between supply chain partners requires collaborative working and process integration between buyers and suppliers, joint product development, common systems and shared information. This form of co-operation in the supply chain is becoming ever more prevalent as companies focus on managing their core competencies and outsource all other activities. Mason-Jones and Towell (1999) undertook a simulation model of the fashion trade supply chains and corroborated that enhanced agility resulted from enrichment information along the supply chain. Lean supply chain The agile supply chain is closely connected to the lean supply chain although they are separate and have different purposes. Lean supply chains work well in environments where demand for variety is low and the environment is predictable whereas agile manufacturing is implemented where demand is volatile, and lean manufacturing is put into effect where there is a stable demand. Mason-Jones et al (2000) offers a further third option which they term the Leagile Paradigm a hybrid mixture of both types of supply chain. Responsive Supply Chains

Law of Diffusion of Gases

Thomas Graham studied the behavior of the diffusion of gases of unequal densities when placed in contact with each other, using air as his control. He wanted to numerically prove how the diffusion of the gas volumes was inversely proportional to the value of the density of the gas, under constant temperature and pressure. The significance of this experiment was that in led to a reevaluation of the concept of the movement of matter, realizing that diffusion dealt with small immeasurable elements of matter, as opposed to large volumes of air, as perceived in the corpuscular theory, shedding light into the study of the behavior and structure of matter. Graham’s initial objective was to establish a numerical value regarding the gas density and its diffusiveness for ten different gases, establishing that the greater the gas’s density the smaller the value and rate of diffusiveness compared to air. He predicted that gases moved by diffusion when placed together in the form of minute volumes, were the heavier gas would tend to accumulate on one side while the lighter gas displaced towards the denser gas until a uniform mixture was achieved. In light of this, he predicted that if controlling temperature and pressure he would achieve the gases to diffuse and establish a numerical value. However no hypothesis was established based on the limited information at their disposal of matter. However seeing how gases diffused proportionately despite the aperture size, Graham perceived that diffusion dealt with minute particles as opposed to large volumes. The gas’s diffusion volume was achieved once the gas inside the stucco container was entirely replaced by external air, being this new volume the equivalent volume of diffusion. Once established the volume, he used his law of diffusion to provide a numerical value and verify the exactness of his formula. This was achieved by observing the change in height of the level of mercury. The use of a stucco plug channel containers was suitable to lessen the effect of gas absorption by the material and avoid the gas’s expansion or contraction when atmospheric conditions varied; in addition to this the fact that temperature and pressure were kept constant meant the movement of the gases was because of simple diffusion and not by an external force. Using air as a unit measure, meant variations in duplicability of results due to the air’s heterogeneous nature making the experiment inconclusive. They used air as their measure unit since they did not have the technology to test the direct interaction of single separate samples of gases, being unable to study properly their behavior. This experiment was accurate when comparing the results with the theoretical values, and consistent to previous experimental observations. The results showed to be always below the theory value explained by means of their materials absorption nature and slight variations in conditions and instrument’s precision. Despite this Graham was able to establish a clear numerical relationship using equivalent diffusion volumes, however with slight exceptions to certain gases that had to be further tested. Graham’s prediction of being density a factor, which determined the diffusiveness of gas, was corroborated at the sight that lighter gases than air such as hydrogen diffused more easily. In addition the accuracy of the results helped to determine the value of the gas’s gravity, which would further provide evidence for the study of matter. In addition the fact that intermixture of gases was achieved under controlled conditions, despite the size of contact surface, provided evidence of minute particle diffusion and led Graham to speculated further on the constituents of matter, not explained through the corpuscular theory, would lead to development of the colloid theory in the future. In conclusion this research paper showed that Graham verified a numerical value for the diffusion of gases with varying densities. However Graham’s observations led him to further speculate on the idea that diffusion was related to immeasurable elements, as opposed to sensible volumes. This paper provides valuable evidence on how the study and discovery of minute particles evolved as the corpuscular theory failed to explain the nature of matter.

Sources Of Finance And Starting A Business Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1172 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Bank Overdraft Most businesses have an account with a bank. The bank deals with all the deposits (money put into the account) and withdrawals (money taken out). Most banks know that businesses do not always receive money from sales straight away. If you run a sandwich bar in a local trading estate then you might get money straight away when you sell your sandwiches. If you are a business selling electrical equipment to an electrical retailer then you may not get paid straight away when you deliver your goods. Trade Credit This is a period of time given to a business to pay for goods that they have received. It is often 28 days but some businesses might not pay for 6 months and on some occasions even a year after they have received goods. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sources Of Finance And Starting A Business Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Credit Card A credit card works very much like trade credit. If you buy something using a credit card, you will receive a statement once a month with the details of the amount spent during the last month. You then have a certain period of time to either pay the full amount or a minimum amount. Lease Most businesses have to buy equipment and machinery of some sort. Many firms have a fleet of company cars which certain staff uses or vehicles that they use for distribution. There are a number of ways of buying these things. The business might go to the bank for a loan, arrange some sort of finance deal with the supplier, and use cash they have in the business or arrange a lease option. Bank Loans Bank loans are very flexible. They can vary in the length of time that the loan has to be repaid. Loans arranged with a bank that are less than one year are regarded as short term finance. As with any other form of loan there are interest payments to be made and this can be expensive and also can vary. Long term sources of finance Shares A share is a part ownership of a company. Shares relate to companies set up as private limited companies or public limited companies (plcs). There are many small firms who decide to set themselves up as private limited companies; there are advantages and disadvantages of doing so. It is possible, therefore, that a small business might start up and have just two shareholders in the business. Venture Capital Venture capital is becoming an increasingly important source of finance for growing companies. Venture capitalists are groups of (generally very wealthy) individuals or companies specifically set up to invest in developing companies. Venture capitalists are on the look out for companies with potential. They are prepared to offer capital (money) to help the business grow. In return the venture capitalist gets some say in the running of the company as well as a share in the profits made. Government Grant Some firms might be eligible to get funds from the government. This could be the local authority, the national government or the European Union. These grants are often linked to incentives to firms to set up in areas that are in need of economic development. In Cornwall, for example, there have been a number of initiatives to encourage new businesses to locate there. Bank Loans As with short term finance, banks are an important source of longer term finance. Banks may lend sums over long periods of time possibly up to 25 years or even more in some cases. The loans have a rate of interest attached to them. This can vary according to the way in which the Bank of England sets interest rates. For businesses, using bank loans might be relatively easy but the cost of servicing the loan (paying the money and interest back) can be high. If interest rates rise then it can add to a businesses costs and this has to be taken into account in the planning stage before the loan is taken out. The source of finance selected by the HAYATABAD FAST FOODS is loan because we will not invest all available money into the business. FACTORS FOR APPROPRIATE SOURCE OF FINANCE A business faces three major issues when selecting an appropriate source of finance for a new project: Can the finance be raised from internal resources or will new finance have to be raised outside the business? If finance needs to be raised externally, should it be debt or equity? If external debt or equity is to be used, where should it be raised from and in which form? Can the necessary finance be provided from internal sources? In answering this question the company needs to consider several issues: How much cash is currently held? The company needs to consider the amount held in current cash balances and short-term investments, and how much of this will be needed to support existing operations. If spare cash exists, this is the most obvious source of finance for the new project. If the required cash cannot be provided in this way then the company should consider its future cash flow. A cash budget can be prepared, but it is probably too detailed at this stage. A cash flow statement as shown in Example 1 would probably be more practical. Other factors can be The debt or equity decision Equity Finance Debt Finance Debt finance includes The duration of the loan Fixed v floating-rate borrowing Status of company Currency of borrowing IMPLICATIONS Implications of different sources of finance on a business are discussed below Implications of sources of finance can be good as well as bad for a business organizing firm Loanacirc;â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s implications can be both good and bad or positive or negative. Itacirc;â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s easily available but the problem is that while paying the loan back to the bank, individuals or organization interest has to be paid which means we have to pay almost double of the amount we borrowed. Leasing also has its impacts like giving of installments but its good because it doesnacirc;â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t make that much burden on firm The other sources of finance also have their impacts including positive and negative both. The implications on HAYATABAD FAST FOODS source of finance which it has taken mean loan is to pay the interest. THE IMPLICATIONS OF SOURCE OF FINANCE SELECTED FOR MR JAVEDacirc;â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢S BUSINESS ARE: POSITIVE IMPLICATIONS: Getting the money you desired for your need. In some cases credit unions are better places to get loans than banks but it depends on the amount and use for the money. Competitive interests rates. Bank loans are always available. Can get in large amount. NEGATIVE IMPLICATIONS: Regular payment. Policy modification. Change in interest rate. Personal assets can be targeted. Have to pay back in stated time. Delay in taking loan because of so much paper work and bank policy. Not everyone could qualify for loans. Have to pay back with interest. REFERNCE LIST:- www.google.com www.ask.com www.investopedia.com www.businessdictionary.com www.encarta.com